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Ismerje meg a fegyvereket, megismerni a ellensge: a mameluk oktatsi kziknyv
2010.01.21. 21:10
Ismerje meg a fegyvereket, megismerni a ellensge: a mamluk oktatsi kziknyv
Know your weapons, know your enemy: a mamluk training manual Ismerje meg a fegyvereket, megismerni a ellensge: a mamluk oktatsi kziknyv
by vele
David Nicolle David Nicolle
From the 8th century to the 16th mamluks formed the core of most Muslim armies. A 8. szzadtl a 16. mamluks alakult magjt legtbb muszlim seregek. The Arabic word meant a soldier originally bought as a slave, educated and trained and finally released as a full-time professional. Az arab sz eredetileg azt jelentette, egy katona vett mint egy rabszolga, oktatsban s kpzsben rszesltek, s vglegesen feloldottk a teljes munkaids szakember. Mamluk tactics, organisation and weaponry were for the most part derived from those of the Mongols. Mamluk taktika, szervezet s fegyverek voltak a legnagyobb rsze szrmazik, mint a mongolok. The armies that took on the Crusaders were generally more effective, and better disciplined and organised than their European opponents. A hadseregek volt a Crusaders ltalban hatkonyabb s jobban szervezett s fegyelmezett, mint eurpai ellenfelei. These qualities owed much to deep study and understanding of military theory and technique. Ezek a tulajdonsgok sokkal tartozik a mly tanulmnyozsa s megrtse katonai elmlet s a technika. The practical manuals that were required reading for mamluk soldiers in training came out of a long tradition of military writing amongst the Arabs and the Persians. A gyakorlati kziknyvek, amelyek a ktelez olvasmny mamluk katonk kpzsi kijtt hagyomnya katonai rs kzl az arabok s a perzsk.
Complete Instructions in the Practices of the Military Art, in Arabic Nihayat al-Su'l wa'l Umniyaya fi Ta'lim A'mal al-Furusiyya, is one of the best known works of furusiyya cavalry training from the Islamic Middle East. Teljes Utastsok a gyakorlat a Katonai Art, arab Nihayat al-Su'l wa'l Umniyaya fi Ta'lim A'mal al-Furusiyya egyike a legismertebb mvek furusiyya lovas kpzst az iszlm Kzel-Keleten. It was compiled between 1250 and 1500 during the period of the Mamluk Sultanate, which was born out of the political concentration of mamluk military and administrative power. Ezt ssze 1250 s 1500 kztti idszak alatt az Mamluk szultnsg, amely szletett, a politikai-koncentrci mamluk katonai s adminisztratv hatalom. However, most of the book consists of material from earlier works. A legfontosabb azonban az, a knyv az anyag a korbbi munkk. Some date back to the time of the 'Abbasid Caliphs of Baghdad in the 9th or even late 8th century, though the chapter translated here seems to have been written in the later 13th or early 14th century. Nhny nylnak vissza, amikor a "Abbasid a bagdadi kalifk a 9. vagy akr ks 8. szzadban, de a fejezet lefordtva itt gy tnik, hogy nem rtak az utols 13 vagy korai 14. szzadban. The Nihayat al-Su'l itself was compiled following an attack upon Alexandria by Crusader pirates operating from Cyprus in 1365. A Nihayat al-Su'l maga sszelltani egy tmadst Alexandria ltal Crusader kalzok mkd Ciprus 1365. By that time, however, the Crusaders were a secondary threat as far as the Mamluks were concerned. Ekkor azonban a Crusaders a msodlagos veszlyt ami a Mamluks sz. The Mongols who occupied most of Asia beyond the Euphrates were much more serious. A mongolok, akik a legtbb megszllt zsiai tl Eufrtesz sokkal komolyabb.
Traditionally the Nihayat al-Su'l is attributed to Muhammad ibn 'Isa al-Hanafi al-Aqsara'i who is said to have died in Damascus in 1348 after spending most of his life in Syria. Hagyomnyosan a Nihayat al-Su'l annak ksznhet, Muhammad ibn 'Isa al-Hanafi al-Aqsara'i, aki azt mondta, hogy meghalt a damaszkuszi az 1348 utni kiadsok legnagyobb rszt az lett Szriban. According to this version al-Aqsara'i checked his book with the best Mamluk military specialists in the Damascus Citadel garrison. E vltozat az al-Aqsara'i ellenrzik a knyv a legjobb Mamluk katonai szakrtk a Damaszkusz Citadella helyrsg. As was usual in almost all Arab-Islamic technical books, a chain of authority was also provided from master to student and so on. Mint szoks volt szinte az sszes arab-iszlm mszaki knyvek, a lnc hatsg is, feltve, hogy a mester hallgat, s gy tovbb. In this case the chain went back through Najm al-Din al-Rammah al-Ahdab, a renowned Master of the Lance from the Crusader period who died in 1294. Ebben az esetben a lncon keresztl mentem vissza Najm al-Din al-Rammah al-Ahdab, a hres mester a Lance az Crusader idszakban, aki meghalt 1294. Most of Chapter Two of Lesson Seven of the Nihayat al-Su'l consists of original Mamluk military writing. A legtbb fejezet Kt ht lecke a Nihayat al-Su'l ll az eredeti Mamluk katonai rsban. It deals with the way these soldiers were trained to use, wear and maintain their arms, armour and harness. Foglalkozik, hogy ezek a katonk voltak hasznlatra kikpzett, kops s fenntartani a fegyverek, pnclok, s lni. Chapter Two has seven Parts and extracts from the first four are translated into English for the first time here. Fejezet Kt ht Alkatrsz s kivonatok az els ngy fordtottk angolra az elszr itt. The remaining three Parts will be included in a future article; they cover the drills for carrying weapons not in immediate use, and the techniques of river crossing and lasso fighting. A fennmarad hrom rszbl fog a jvben a cikket, azok gyakorlatok sorn fegyvereket nem azonnali felhasznlsra, valamint a technikk s a folyami tkels lassz kzdelemben.
The detail and the systematic thoroughness of the writing give a striking sense of the qualities that made the mamluks such a formidable elite and at the same time give vivid glimpses of the experience of battle in this fascinating era. A rszleteket s a rendszeres alapos az rs, hogy a sztrjkol rtelemben a minsg, amely a mamluks olyan flelmetes elit s ugyanakkor lnk pillantsok a tapasztalatok csata ebben a lenygz korszakban.
Msodik fejezet: A hetedik lecke, Legalbb ht Alkatrsz
Els rsz: a fegyver, amely elvlasztja az embert a lelke
What weapons does a man use in enemy territory or when face to face with his enemy? Krds: Mit csinl az ember fegyverek hasznlatt ellensg terletre, vagy amikor szemtl szembe, aki ellensg?
When you are visible keep your sword drawn at your right side, hilt downwards. Vlasz: Ha lthat tartsa a kardot hzott el a jobb oldalon a markolat lefel. Carry the mace or the dagger in the same way but not more than one weapon at a time. Carry a virg vagy a tõr ugyanazon a mdon, de nem tbb, mint egy fegyver egy idben.
Note A cavalryman is implied throughout the text unless specifically stated otherwise. Megjegyzs: A huszr, van az egsz szveg, kivve ha msknt.
What should be done if his sword is still sheathed? Krds: Mi a teend, ha a kardjt is mrtott?
It would then be on his left side and beneath his tassets. Vlasz: Ez aztn a bal oldalra, s alatta a tassets. Turn to the hilt and withdraw it. Fordtsa a markolatot, s visszavonja azt. In the same way take the mace from its holder and the dagger from its sheath. Az ugyangy megteszi a virg annak birtokosa s a tõr a hvelybõl.
Note: The tassets are the lower fringe of the lamellar cuirass or jawshan and may also mean the hem of a coat. Megjegyzs: A tassets az als peremn a lamells pncl vagy jawshan s szintn azt a szegly egy kabtot.
What should be done if the sword is resting? Krds: Mi a teend, ha a kard pihen?
Answer That will be dangerous. Vlaszolj Ez veszlyes lehet. Take it in your hands and unsheathe it. Vedd a kezedbe s a kardot kirnt azt. As with the sword from its scabbard, so with the mace and the dagger. Csakgy, mint a kardot a hvely, gy a virg s a tr.
Note: 'Resting' probably means that the weapon is in its scabbard, holder or sheath but is not slung from a belt or otherwise in its proper place. Megjegyzs: "nyugalmi" valsznleg azt jelenti, hogy a fegyver a abroncshal, a birtokos vagy a hvely, de nem slung a biztonsgi v vagy egyb mdon a megfelel helyre.
What should be done with the lance? Krds: Mit kell tenni a lance?
This should be resting in your right arm, if it is not already held erect. Vlasz: Ezt a pihens a jobb kezt, ha mg nem tartott egyenesen. Unless it is grasped firmly it will wobble, and that would be a disgrace. Hacsak nem ragadta hatrozottan azt inog, s az lenne a szgyen. It is said that if the guard is sleeping it will be possible to steal anything from beneath him without his even knowing. Azt mondjk, hogy ha az r alszik lehetsges lesz ellopni semmit all t nlkl is tudni.
What is to be done with the shield? Krds: Mi a teend a pajzs?
This is held on the left side. Vlasz: Itt tallhat a bal oldalon. If it is put down on the ground it is vital that its grip is uppermost so that it can be picked up instantly if needed. Ha ez letette a fldre, alapveten fontos, hogy a foganty legfels, gy a felvett azonnal, ha szksges.
Note: Further questions and answers deal in similar prescriptive detail with the bow and arrows and are followed by meticulous instructions for laying out personal and horse armour etc to be ready to respond to a sudden attack, even in the dark, more likely when at war with the Mongols than Crusaders. Megjegyzs: Tovbbi krdsek s vlaszok foglalkoznak hasonl elrnak rszletesen az j s nyl s kveti aprlkos utastsokat fogadtak el a szemlyes s a lovas pncl, stb, hogy ksz vlaszolni a vratlan tmads, mg sttben is, nagyobb a valsznsge, ha a hbor a mongolok, mint Crusaders.
What is the best way to overcome fear at night? Krds: Mi a legjobb mdja az lehet, flelem az jjel?
Keep your trousers on, and your coat and boots, and your sword girded on, and your horse saddled. Vlasz: Tartsd meg a nadrgot, s a kabtjt, s csizma, s a kard krlvett, s a lovad Saddled.
Msodik rsz: A hbor ruhzat, tizenkt krdsek
How does an infantryman put on a mail hauberk? Krds: Hogyan kerl egy gyalogos-mail pncling?
First he puts his hands into the sleeves of his hauberk, then grasps the edges of the garment with his fingers. Vlasz: Elszr fel a kezt az ujja az pncling, majd grasps szlei ruhadarab az ujjai. Next he draws together the rest of the garment into his arms and pulls it over himself. Aztn fogja ssze, a tbbi ruhadarab a karjt, s hzza meg magt. Then he girds up his loins with the leather belt before tightening the neck. Aztn girds fel derekadat a br vet eltt szigortsa nyakt. To avoid the weight of the hauberk on his chest, the soldier should carry it until it is needed. Annak rdekben, hogy elkerljk a tmeget a pncling, aki a mellkas, a katona kell vgrehajtania, amg arra szksg van.
How does an infantryman remove his mail hauberk? Krds: Hogyan mkdik egy gyalogos eltvoltani a mail pncling?
He grasps the opposite thighs and lifts them away from himself, then slides his head into the hauberk, lifts up the back part and pushes the garment away from himself. Vlasz: Azt grasps ellenttes comb s felvonk ket tvol magt, akkor a dik a fejt a pncling, a liftek a hts rszt, s megnyomja a konfekciipart tvol magt.
Note: There may be an element of stating the obvious in the above, but the mail shirt would have been heavy and awkward to handle. Megjegyzs: Lehet, hogy j elemknt azt az egyrtelm, a fenti, hanem az e-mail ing lett volna nehz s knyelmetlen kezelni. The following instructions are more challenging and give an idea of the horsemanship of a mamluk cavalryman. A kvetkez utastsok nagyobb kihvst jelent, s egy tlet a lovagls mvszete az mamluk huszr.
How does a horseman put on a mail hauberk when his horse is moving fast? Krds: Hogyan kerl egy lovas-mail pncling, ha a l mozog, gyorsan?
First he puts his hand into one of the two sleeves and holds the edge of the garment's sleeve with his fingers. Vlasz: Elszr fel a kezt az egyik a kt ujja, s az a szle a ruhanem az ujjaft s az ujjait. Next with the same hand he lifts both the breast and the lowest hem, and raises them up on to himself. Kvetkez ugyanazzal a kzzel is felvonkra a mell-s a legalacsonyabb HEM, s emeli fel ket magnak. Then he grasps the reins and the armour with this hand and slides the other hand into the other sleeve, grasping the edge of the sleeve as before. Aztn grasps az irnytst, s a pnclt, s ezzel a dik viszont a tbbi ujjt, megragadta szln az ujjak, mint korbban.
How does a horseman take off his mail hauberk while his horse is in motion? Krds: Hogyan mkdik egy lovas vegye le a mail pncling mg a l mozgsban van?
First he must take his helmet off his head. Vlasz: Elszr is meg kell tennie sisakjba le a fejt. Next he gathers up the two front hems and folds them together in a bunch. Aztn sszegyjtik a kt els s a redk hems egytt egy csom. Next he suspends these from his sword or his saddle-bow. Aztn felfggeszti ezeket a kardjt, vagy a nyereg-j. In the latter case they should be smoothed down across the saddle. Az utbbi esetben ki kell egyenlteni meg az egsz nyereg. Next he unfastens his belt and extracts the sword, if the first system is being used, and puts it back into its holder, then puts the belt across the front or rear of the saddle. Aztn unfastens a biztonsgi v s a kivonatokat a kardot, ha az els rendszer van rvnyben, s hozza vissza a tulajdonosa, akkor a biztonsgi v teszi t az els vagy hts a nyeregben. Then he grasps the rear hem of the hauberk and holds it away from himself. Aztn grasps a hts szeglyt a pncling, s azt tartja tvol magt. With the helmet or mail coif or turban taken off his head, he pulls up the rear of the hauberk, leans his head forward, and draws the garment over his head. A sisak, vagy sapka vagy mail turbnja le a fejt, akkor hzza ki a hts a pncling, hajlik a fejt elre, s felhvja a konfekciipart a feje fltt.
Note: The word translated as 'holder' is normally used for a form of quiver. Megjegyzs: A sz fordtsa a "birtokos" ltalban egy formja puzdra. It might indicate a holder for the scabbard, or part of the scabbard hanging system, or an alternative place for keeping the sword, perhaps beneath the saddle-flap where a second 'saddle-sword' was sometimes carried. Lehet, hogy jelezze a tulajdonos a abroncshal, vagy annak egy rszt abroncshal hanging rendszerrel, vagy egy msik helyre vezeti a kardot, taln alatta a nyereg-flap, amikor a msodik "nyereg-kard" is sor kerlt.
How does one put on the arm defenses when the sound of battle is near? Krds: Hogyan kerl a kar vdelmet, ha a hangot a csatt a kzeljvben?
Start with the left one, and once this is put on do the same with the right, just as one puts on the leg defenses. Vlasz: Els a bal, s ha ez fel ugyanezt a jogot, csak az egyik lbt teszi a vdelmet. Once both arm defenses are on, one is protected on both sides. Miutn mindkt karjt vdelem van, az egyik vdett mindkt oldalon. The first concern is to stop the attacker from striking off a limb and the second to provide extra protection and cover for the face and head and even the rest of the body without the risk of losing a limb when, intentionally or not, one parries a blow with it. Az els gond az, hogy lltsa le a tmad a trls egy rsze, a msodik pedig extra vdelmet nyjt fedezetet, s az arc s a fej s a mg htralv, a test nlkl a kockzat, hogy elvesztik a testi psg, ha szndkosan vagy nem, a parries robbantani vele.
What shows that the owner of a jawshan has the mastery of its use and other such skills? Krds: Mi azt mutatja, hogy a tulajdonos a jawshan a elsajttst a hasznlatra, s ms hasonl kpessgek?
A man must dedicate himself to putting on his jawshan by himself, even if the sleeves and lower part are separate, until he can do this rapidly on his own. Vlasz: Egy frfi kell sznnia magt, hogy ami a sajt maga ltal jawshan akkor is, ha az ujja s az als rsz kln, amg is ezt gyorsan sajt.
Note: The flap-like sleeves of the jawshan (lamellar cuirass) hung from the shoulder but did not go fully around beneath the arm, nor did they cover the armpit. Megjegyzs: A fl-, mint az ujjak jawshan (lamells pncl) lgott a vlln, de nem ment teljesen krl alatt a kar, s nem azok, a hnalj. Instead they were normally secured by a strap around the arm above the elbow. Ehelyett ltalban biztostott a heveder krl a karjt knyk fltt. The lower part of the jawshan, below the waist, normally consisted of two or more flaps, which protected the upper legs and buttocks like larger versions of the tassets and cullet, which formed part of 14th-century and later European armour. Az als rsz a jawshan, derk alatt, ltalban abbl a kt vagy tbb fklapok, amely vdi a fels lb s a fenk, mint a nagyobb vltozatai a tassets s vegcserp, amely rszt kpezte, 14. szzadi s ksbb eurpai armour.
What else should the owner of a jawshan know about it? Krds: Mit kell a tulajdonosnak a jawshan rla?
He should know how the cuirass is made, and how it is laced together in case part of it is cut off; also how it hangs and how to stop it getting punctured. Vlasz: Azt kell tudni, hogy a pncl trtnik, s hogyan is tarktott, valamint abban az esetben, ha rsze van vgva, hogy hogyan is lefagy, s hogyan hagyd abba getting felszrt.
What shows that a man is not prepared? Krds: Mi azt mutatja, hogy az ember nem kszlt?
First look at the leather of his saddle-strapping, next see if the silk cords of his jawshan are rotted or if the edges of his weapons are not sharpened. Vlasz: Elszr is nzd meg a br sajt htas-pntol, lsd a kvetkez, ha a selyem kordszlak aki jawshan a rothadt, vagy ha a szlei a fegyverek nem lestette. Finally, see if any part of his jawshan is torn with a hole in it or hanging loose. Vgl, nzd meg, minden rszt jawshan is szakadt egy lyuk, vagy fggesztett laza.
What shows that a man is accustomed to his his jawshan? Krds: Mi azt mutatja, hogy az ember megszokta, hogy a jawshan?
Every day he must train himself to dismount elegantly so that he does not break or damage it, and he must keep practising and improving this skill. Vlasz: Minden nap meg kell vonat maga leszllni elegnsan gy, hogy nem trs vagy srls, s meg kell riznie gyakorl s javtsa, ezen kszsg. If, during the winter, the cuirass gets wet or damp from rain, he must examine its leather straps and its connections carefully and wipe off any dampness or mud from its individual pieces and any wetness from its cords. Ha a tli idszakban, a pncl gets nedvesek es, meg kell vizsglni a br szjak s kapcsolatokat, s vatosan trlje le a nedvessget, vagy a srban egyedi darab, s annak minden nedvessg kordszlak. If he fails to do this, the inside of it will rot and it will become out of shape. Ha ennek nem tesz eleget, a belsejt majd rothadni, s ez lesz a formja. Such rotting shows negligence and carelessness. Ezek a rohad mutatja gondatlansg s gondatlansg.
Note: The emphasis here as elsewhere is on readiness for battle and care of valuable life-saving equipment. Megjegyzs: A hangsly itt mshol van, s kszen ll a harcra ellts rtkes letment felszerels.
How does the owner of a jawshan shoot with the bow? Krds: Hogyan mkdik a tulajdonos egy jawshan l az j?
When shooting, he wears a small cuirass. Vlasz: Amikor a forgats, viseli a kis pncl. The straps and individual pieces of this special jawshan do not damage the bow or snag the bowstring. A hevederek s egyedi darab ez a specilis jawshan nem krosthatja az orr vagy a gond az bowstring. Sometimes the hanging parts [of the cuirass] can be taken off without harming it. Elfordul, hogy a fggesztett rszek [a pncl] is le lehet venni, anlkl, hogy krt tesz. A superior type has crossing strings that secure the tops of the individual lamellae on the outside and no laces hanging off it. A superior tpus tkels strings, hogy biztostsk a tetejt az egyes lamellae a kls s csipkk lgott le rla. This type, however, is not so strong. Ez a tpus azonban nem olyan ers. It may be laced to the top of the arm protector or untied to hang down loose if one wishes to shoot. Lehet, hogy tarktott tetejn a kar nlkli protector vagy tedd le a laza, ha akar lõni. One can undo this sleeve and let it hang down on its straps as far as the hand and, once the shooting is over, it can be refastened. Lehet visszacsinlni ujjaft s hagyjuk, hogy tedd le a szjak, amennyiben a kezt, s, ha a forgats alatt, akkor refastened. Alternatively a false sleeve made of silk brocade or soft leather or a mixture of both can be worn, fixed securely at both ends to the sleeve of the cuirass and the arm protector. Alternatvaknt a hamis ujjaft kszlt selyem brokt vagy puha br vagy a kett lehet kopott, fix biztonsgosan kt vgn, hogy az ujjak a pncl s a kar protector.
Note: The 'false sleeve' sounds like a form of smooth covering worn over armour to prevent it snagging the bowstring. Megjegyzs: A "hamis ujjaft" gy hangzik, mint egy formja, amely sima kopott pncl alatt, hogy az ne legyen snagging a bowstring. The attention given to the particular requirements of armour for bowmen reflects the importance of archery in the mamluk's repertoire of military skills. A figyelmet arra, hogy klnleges kvetelmnyeket pnclzathoz a bowmen tkrzi a jelentsgt, jszat a mamluk repertorjt katonai kpessgeit. He was expected to be able to hit a one metre (3.25 ft) target at a range of 75 metres (246 ft) and to loose three aimed shots in one and a half seconds, a much faster rate than achieved by the longbowmen of England. Azt vrtk, hogy a hit egy mter (3,25 lb) cl a tartomnyban, 75 mteres (246 lb), s laza hrom clja lvsek a msfl msodperc, sokkal gyorsabban, mint megvalstani, longbowmen of England . Mamluk tactics included the arrow shower, as the Crusaders learned to their cost at Gaza in 1244. Mamluk taktikkat tartalmaz a nyl zuhany, a Crusaders tanulsga, hogy azok kltsgeit a Gzai vezetben a 1244.
What possesses even greater protective qualities than the jawshan? Krds: Mi a birtokban mg nagyobb vdelmet minsg, mint a jawshan?
A padded garment can be worn beneath the jawshan, as the Europeans wear beneath their iron cuirasses. Vlasz: Egy kitmtt ruhadarab lehet kopott alatt jawshan, mint az eurpaiak viselnek alatta a vas cuirasses. This is the qarqal. Ez a qarqal. It will protect the wearer from both heat and cold, and from the blows of maces and kafir kubat which soften the flesh and weaken the bones. Meg fogja vdeni a viselje mind a h s hideg, s az ts a maces s kafir kubat amely megpuhuljon a hs, s gyengtheti a csontokat. If a mail hauberk is worn beneath it, then both protection and safety are found. Ha egy levelet pncling a viselse alatt, akkor a vdelmi s biztonsgi talltak.
Note: The kafir kubat (literally 'infidel pestle') was another form of mace. Megjegyzs: A kafir kubat (sz szerint "hitetlen mozsrtr") volt, ms formj virg. A weapon with this name was reportedly used by a rebel leader in AD 685, and it is also mentioned in the hands of Arab-Khurasani troops in the ninth century. A fegyver volt a neve ennek a jelentsek ltal hasznlt lzad vezr AD 685, s ez is szerepel a kezben arab-Khurasani csapatok a kilencedik szzadban. It is probable that this kind of mace was thought to be similar in shape to the uncircumcised male organs of non-Muslims. Nem valszn, hogy ez a fajta virg gy gondoltk, hogy hasonl alak a krlmetletlen frfiak szervek nem muszlimok.
Harmadik rsz: amely a prostst a fegyverek, s minden, ami rinti ket, amely nyolc rszbl
What weapon should a soldier carry with him at all times? Krds: Milyen fegyvert kell katona szlltsra vele minden?
The khanjar should never be left behind, neither in war nor in peace. Vlasz: A khanjar soha nem lemaradnak, sem hborban, sem bkben. It has many advantages and can be used with all other weapons. Ez sok elnye van, s fel lehet hasznlni az sszes tbbi fegyver. It is useful with lances and with arrows, with swords and maces, and with javelins, and with all these together. Ez akkor hasznos, a lndzsa s a nyilak, a kard s a maces, s gerelyeket, s ezeket egytt. So learn all there is to know about it. gy megtanuljk minden van tudni rla.
Note: The khanjar was a large dagger or dirk, similar to the European hanger, very much an all-purpose weapon... Megjegyzs: A khanjar volt nagy tõr vagy dirk, hasonlan az Eurpai fogas, nagyon sok mindenre alkalmas fegyverrel ...
What are the qualities of the khanjar? Krds: Mik azok a tulajdonsgok a khanjar?
One can strike with it as one does with the sword or dagger, thrust with it as one does with a spear, throw it like a javelin, or hurl it as far as an arrow, a sling-shot or a hand-thrown stone. Vlasz: Az egyik a sztrjkot is mint az egyik nem a kard, vagy tr, a szrs az egyik nem a drda, dobja el, mint a drda, vagy lendts, mint amennyire egy nyl, a cszli, vagy egy kzzel dobott kvet. All these things a warrior should be able to do. Mindezek a dolgok egy harcos kell tudni csinlni.
What other weapons should you have if you are already carrying a sword? Krds: Milyen ms fegyvereket kell mg, ha mr egy-egy kardot?
Either a weapon that thrusts from a distance like a spear or at close quarters like a khanjar, or which is hurled like both types of arrow, a javelin or a sling-shot, or a combination of these. Vlasz: Lehet, hogy egy fegyver thrusts tvolrl, mint egy lndzsa, vagy kzvetlen kzelrl, mint egy khanjar, vagy amely hurled mint ktfle nyl, a drda vagy a cszli, vagy ezek kombincija.
Note: The two types of arrow were light for long range or heavy for maximum penetration. Megjegyzs: A ktfajta nyl volt knny a hossz tv vagy nehz a maximlis behatolst.
What should be used with the spear? Krds: Mit kell alkalmazni a drda?
Use something which strikes at close quarters, like the sword or mace, or that pierces at close quarters like the khanjar, or which is shot from afar like both sorts of arrow, the javelin or the hand-stone. Vlasz: A sztrjkok, ami kzvetlen kzelrl, mint a kard, vagy virg, vagy hogy pierces kzvetlen kzelrl, mint a khanjar, vagy amelyet a lvs a tvolbl, mint kt fle nyl, a drda vagy a kz-k.
What should be used with the javelin? Krds: Mit kell alkalmazni a gerely?
Take something which pierces at close quarters like the khanjar or which strikes from close quarters like the sword or mace, or which is thrown at close range like the hand-stone. Vlasz: Az, ami pierces kzvetlen kzelrl, mint a khanjar s amely megteremti a kzelrl, mint a kard, vagy virg, vagy amely segtsgvel kzel, mint a kz-k.
Question What should be used with the mace? Krds Mit kell alkalmazni a virg?
Preferably a weapon that pierces from a distance like the spear or at close quarters like the khanjar, or what is shot from afar like the arrows or sling-shot, or is thrown at close range like the hand-stone. Vlasz: Lehetsg, hogy egy fegyver pierces a tvolba, mint a lndzsa, illetve kzvetlen kzelrl, mint a khanjar, vagy mi a lvs a tvolbl, mint a nyilak vagy cszli, vagy dobtunk kzel, mint a kz-k.
Negyedik rsz: az bersg s lelltsa egy ellensges tmads, tizennyolc rszei
What should a horseman use when attacking infantry? Krds: Mit kell hasznlni, amikor egy lovas tmad gyalogsg?
It is best for a horseman to use a spear, javelin or arrows, and not to try to attack infantry armed with swords if he only carries a mace or large dagger. Vlasz: Ez a legjobb lovas hogy egy lndzsa, drda vagy a nyilak, s ne prbljon fegyveres tmads gyalogsg karddal, ha csak azzal a virg vagy nagy tõr.
What should he use if he is among enemy infantry and separated from his fellow horsemen? Krds: Mit kell akkor hasznlja, ha az ellensges gyalogsg s elvlasztjk a lovas ember?
He should not get among the infantry in the first place unless he is armed with arrows, spear or javelin, and if he does he is likely to get killed. Vlasz: nem kap a gyalogsg kztt az els helyen, kivve ha az fegyverezve nyilak, lndzsa vagy drda, s ha nem is valszn, hogy megltk.
What is the best way for infantry to stop horsemen from getting amongst them, and to stampede the horses? Krds: Mi a legjobb mdja a gyalogos megll a lovasok a szerzs egymssal, s a pnik a lovakat?
It is best for them to be armed with arrows, spears or javelins to stop sword-armed cavalry from entering their ranks. Vlasz: A legjobb, hogy ezeket a fegyveres s nyilak, lndzsk s gerelyeket, hogy lltsa le karddal felfegyverkezett lovas bejutst soraikat. And to stampede the horses they should use maces or khanjars. s a lovak Stampede azokat hasznlja maces vagy khanjars.
What kind of infantry is best for attacking horsemen? Krds: Milyen gyalogsg a legjobb tmad lovasokat?
Infantry armed with mace or sword. Vlasz: Gyalogezred felfegyverkezve virg vagy kard. One cannot stampede horses with arrows, javelins or spears. Nem lehet Stampede lovak nyilak, vagy gerelyeket Spears. Rather one should try to get close to them and among them. Ehelyett meg kell prblnak kzel ket, s kzttk.
Which is superior, cavalry or infantry? Krds: Melyik a jobb lovas vagy gyalogos?
In some ways cavalry is superior, in some ways infantry, and in some ways they are equal. Vlasz: Bizonyos szempontbl lovassg kivl, bizonyos szempontbl a gyalogsgot, s bizonyos mdon megegyezik. Each has weaknesses and disadvantages. Mindegyiknek hinyossgok s htrnyai. But for strength of weaponry, speed and striking power, if not for care and caution in feigned retreat or in pursuit, cavalry is more effective. De a fegyverek ereje, a gyorsasg s a szembetn, hogy ha nem rdekel, s krltekinten sznlelt visszavonuls vagy ldzst, lovas hatkonyabb.
What should a small company, an advance guard, a patrol, or a flying column do at night or how should it change its actions when night falls? Krds: Mit kell egy kis cg, az elzetes r, a jrr, vagy egy repl oszlop do jszaka vagy hogyan kell vltoztatni, hogy a fellpsek, ha jjel esik?
The men should kneel on the ground or lie on their faces and have no fear they are separated from their own people and do not know if they are facing cavalry or infantry. Vlasz: Az ember trdel a fldn, vagy hazugsg az arcukon, s nem flek ket elvlasztani a sajt s az emberek nem tudjk, ha nznek lovas vagy gyalogos. Or they may probe carefully or withdraw stealthily without being seen. Vagy akkor szonda figyelmesen vagy visszavonjk lopakodva nlkl ltott.
How can one tell when danger is near if it is dark or in cloudy mists and one cannot see properly? Krds: Hogyan lehet elmondani, ha veszlyben van kzel, ha stt van, vagy zavaros kd s az egyik nem lt rendesen?
Take a quiver of the type in which the arrows-point upwards, such as that used by the Georgians, and empty it. Vlasz: Vegyl egy puzdra a tpus, amelyben a nyilak ponttal felfel, mint pldul az, hogy hasznl a grzok s az res azt. Place it on the ground and lay your head against it, and thus you can hear the sound of hooves or of feet, if the air is still. Tegyk a fldn fekdt s a fejt vele szemben, s gy lehet hallani a hangjt a krm vagy a lbt, ha a levegben van. And even if there is a wind you can still hear by turning the quiver into the direction of the wind. s mg akkor is, ha a szl mg mindig hallani, pedig a puzdra az irnyt a szlben.
Note: The type of quiver specified was presumably conical or trumpet-shaped, like a megaphone, and the wider end would have been placed on the ground or turned into the wind. Megjegyzs: A tpus meghatrozott puzdra volt felteheten trombita vagy kpos alak, mint egy hangosbeszl, s a szlesebb vge lett volna helyezni a fldre, vagy fordult a szl.
What causes most damage to the structure of a wooden shield? Krds: Mi okozza a legtbb krt a szerkezete a fa pajzs?
: Exposure to fire, thrown stones or blows with the mace. Vlasz: Az expozci a tz, kveket doblni, vagy fj a virg.
: What are the uses of the wooden shield? Krds: Mi a fa felhasznlsa a pajzs?
: Protection from arrows of both kinds, and javelins and spears. Vlasz: Vdelem a nyilak a kt fajta, s gerelyeket s Spears.
What most injures a leather shield? Krds: Mi a legtbb srt br pajzs?
Blows from swords or maces, thrown daggers and javelins, and being hit by pieces of wood. Vlasz: csaps vagy maces a kardok, trk s gerelyeket doblni, s nem sjtotta darab fa.
: What are the uses of the iron shield? Krds: Melyek a felhasznls a vas pajzs?
: Against the sprayer of fire, blows of the mace and sword, thrusts of lance or dagger, and javelins and both sorts of arrow. Vlasz: Nem a permetez tz, fj a jogar s a kard, a lndzsa vagy thrusts tr, s gerelyeket s mindkt fle nyl.
Note: Iron shields did not appear in Europe until the 15th century but were known in the Islamic world much earlier. Megjegyzs: Vas pajzs nem jelent meg Eurpban, amg a 15. szzadban ismert volt, de az iszlm vilg sokkal korbban. The remains of one made from riveted segments, perhaps originally with wooden backing, were found in the 12th–13th-century ruins of Beshtam-Kala in Transoxania. A tovbbra is az egyik kszlt szegecselt szegmensek, taln eredetileg fa altten is, volt a 12-13-szzadi romjai Beshtam-Kala a Transoxania. 'The sprayer of fire' used a piston-action syphon to squirt Greek Fire or naft in a jet 'as long as a lance'. "A permetez tz" hasznlt dugattys fellps szivornya Spricc a grg tzet vagy naft a jet "Mindaddig, amg a lndzst." Naft is generally believed to have dropped out of use by the mid-14th century and meanwhile gunpowder firearms were coming in. During these first decades the Arabic terminology for the new weapons overlapped with that for Greek Fire. Naft ltalban gy, hogy a kiesett hasznlatt a 14. szzad kzepn, s ekzben lpor lfegyverek alatt jttek be az els vtizedekben az arab terminolgit az j fegyverek tfedsek, hogy a grg Fire. The ingredients for Greek Fire included naphtha, burning pitch, sulphur, resin, quicklime, bitumen and distilled petroleum. Az sszetevket a grg Fire bele benzin, g szurok, kn, gyanta, quicklime, bitumen s desztilllt kolaj.
How does the armed man protect himself from the sprayer of fire? Krds: Mi az a fegyveres frfi vdeni magt a permetez tz?
It is best to approach on foot, and attack with maces, swords, spears or daggers, and to wear specially coated clothing as protection from the terror and the burning of the fire weapons. Vlasz: Ez a legjobb megkzeltse gyalogosan, s a tmadst maces, kardok, trk s lndzsk, s a kops specilis bevonat ruhzat vdelmet, mint a terror s a lngol tz a fegyvereket. But do not use this if it has been split by either sort of arrow or sling-shot. De ne hasznlja ezt, ha azt lebontva akr egyfajta nyl vagy cszli. If you do not have this sort of protection, then use a metal shield rather than a wooden or leather one. Ha nincs ilyen vdelem, majd egy fm pajzsot, mint a fa vagy br egy.
Note: Raw talc (mica or magnesium silicate) was used for fire-proofing cloth and leather. Megjegyzs: A nyers talkum (csillmbl vagy magnzium-szilikt) hasznltak tzet proofing ruht s br.
How should the sprayer of fire take precautions against armed men? Krds: Hogyan kell a permetez vintzkedseket a tz elleni fegyveres frfiak?
He should not get close to them on foot, and he must beware of both types of arrow and javelins, and grenadiers. Vlasz: nem kap kzel ket gyalog, s meg kell vmitl ktfle nyl s gerelyeket s grntosait. If they try to reach him with these weapons he must move to where they cannot reach him. Ha azt prblja elrni vele ezeket a fegyvereket kell mozgatni, hogy amennyiben nem tudnak vele.
Note: The word translated as 'grenadier' literally means 'thrower of projectiles'. Megjegyzs: A sz fordtsa "grntoshal" sz jelentse "fazekas a lvedkek. These could include clay or glass pots of naft. Ezek kz tartozik agyagbl vagy vegbl kszlt ednyeket a naft.
Where is this method of fighting with fire used, and where is it not used? Krds: Hol van ez a mdszer a harcok tzvdelmi hasznlni, s ha ez nem hasznljk?
It is used aboard ships, in towns and fortresses, against strong-points and in forests. Vlasz: Nem hasznlt hajk fedlzetn, a vrosok s erdk ellen ers pontokat, s az erdkben. But it is not used when the troops fight in organised ranks, nor in the middle of an army. De ez nem hasznlhat, ha a harcot a szervezett csapatok soraiban, sem a kzepn egy hadsereggel. Fighters with fire fight in many places with good reputation, if God wills it. Harcosok a tzharc sok helyen, j hrnevt, ha ez Isten akarata.
Note: Since 'Greek Fire' had largely dropped out of use by the mid-14th century, these questions reflect the military usage of earlier Islamic armies, while the pious phrase at the end suggests that the author is aware he is describing a tactic that is sanctioned by tradition but no longer very relevant. Megjegyzs: Mivel a "grg tz" nagyrszt kiesett hasznlata a 14. szzad kzepn, ezek a krdsek tkrzik a katonai felhasznls korbbi iszlm sereget, mg a kegyes mondat vgn azt javasolja, hogy a szerz tisztban van lerva, hogy a taktika ltal szankcionlt hagyomnya van, de mr nem nagyon lnyeges.
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